| Position Statement: Position of the NSC Committee on Alcohol and Other Drugs on the Source Code of Evidential Breath-Alcohol Analyzers |
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Position of the NSC Committee on Alcohol and Other Drugs on the Source Code of Evidential Breath-Alcohol Analyzers |
| Simultaneous Quantification of Methadone, Cocaine, Opiates, and Metabolites in Human Placenta by Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry |
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A validated method for quantifying methadone, 2-ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine, cocaine, benzoylecgonine, 6-acetylmorphine, morphine, and codeine in human placenta by liquid chromatography–ion trap mass spectrometry is described. |
| Determination of 4-Hydroxy-3-methoxymethamphetamine as a Metabolite of Methamphetamine in Rats and Human Liver Microsomes Using Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrom |
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The aim of this study was to determine whether methamphetamine (MA) is metabolized to 4-hydroxy-3-methoxymethamphetamine (HMMA), which is known as the main metabolite of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA). |
| Technical Note: A Comparison Between Experimental and Authentic Blood/Serum Ratios of 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine and 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine |
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This paper compares the blood-to-serum distribution (B/S ratio) of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and its major metabolite 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA). |
| Validated Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method for Analyzing LSD, iso-LSD, nor-LSD, and O-H-LSD in Blood and Urine |
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The Royal Canadian Mounted Police Forensic Science and Identification Services was looking for a confirmatory method for lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). As a result, an ultra-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method was validate |
| Determination of Cotinine in Pericardial Fluid and Whole Blood by Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry |
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Cotinine is the main metabolite of nicotine and is used as an indicator of exposure to tobacco smoke. A method has been developed for quantification of cotinine in pericardial fluid and whole blood collected from autopsy casework involving cases of infant |
| Biotechnological Synthesis of the Designer Drug Metabolite 4'-Hydroxymethyl-α-pyrrolidinohexanophenone in Fission Yeast Heterologously Expressing Human Cytochro |
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1-(4-Methylphenyl)-2-pyrrolidin-1-ylhexan-1-one (4'-methyl-α-pyrrolidinohexanophenone, MPHP) is a new designer drug that appeared on the illicit drug market. It is mainly metabolized to 4'-hydroxymethyl-αα-pyrrolidinohexanophenone (HO-MPHP) followed by ox |
| Serum/Whole Blood Concentration Ratio for Ethylglucuronide and Ethyl Sulfate |
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Serum/blood (S/B) concentration ratios for ethyl glucuronide (EtG) and ethyl sulfate (EtS) are missing from the literature, and the aim of this study was to determine these ratios in samples from patients at admission to an alcohol rehabilitation clinic. |
| Determination of 2,5-Hexanedione in Urine by Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction and Gas Chromatography |
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2,5-Hexanedione (2,5-HD) is the most important metabolite of n-hexane and methyl ethyl ketone in human urine. Urinary 2,5-HD is used as a biomarker for biological monitoring of workers exposed to n-hexane. A simple method using headspace solid-phase micro |
| Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Clozapine and Norclozapine in Human Serum Using Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry |
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A rapid, sensitive, and specific method was developed and validated using ultra-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC–MS–MS) for simultaneous determination of clozapine and its major metabolite norclozapine in human serum. The c |
| Determination of Olanzapine in Whole Blood Using Simple Protein Precipitation and Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry |
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A simple, sensitive, and reproducible liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method has been developed and validated for the quantification of the antipsychotic drug olanzapine in whole blood using dibenzepine as internal standard (IS). |
| The FAA’s Postmortem Forensic Toxicology Self-Evaluated Proficiency Test Program: The Second Seven Years |
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During toxicological evaluations of samples from fatally injured pilots involved in civil aviation accidents, a high degree of quality control/quality assurance (QC/QA) is maintained. Under this philosophy, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) starte |
| Identifying New Cannabis Use with Urine Creatinine-Normalized THCCOOH Concentrations and Time Intervals Between Specimen Collections |
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A previously recommended method for detecting new cannabis use with creatinine-normalized 11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THCCOOH) urine concentrations in periodically collected specimens for treatment, workplace and judicial drug testing applic |
| Determination of Ethylglucuronide in Oral Fluid by Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry |
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An ultra-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method has been developed and validated for the determination of ethylglucuronide (EtG) in oral fluid. Sample clean-up was achieved by solid-phase extraction with a Hyper-SEP SAX column. |
| The Limit of Detection in Generalized Least-Squares Calibrations: An Example Using Alprazolam Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry Data |
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Limit of detection (LOD) values provide useful indicators for the suitability of an analytical method for samples with low analyte levels. An LOD value can also be used to estimate the false positive probability (px ≥ LOD) of a result for a sample with no |
| Technical Note: Evaluation of a New ELISA Kit for the Detection of Benzodiazepines in Meconium |
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Two versions of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits designed for the detection of benzodiazepine drugs and metabolites (Immunalysis) were evaluated for use with meconium specimens. One was an older kit, and one was a new replacement kit develop |
| Ethylglucuronide Determination in Urine and Hair from Alcohol Withdrawal Patients |
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Two methods for the determination of ethylglucuronide (EtG) in urine and in hair have been developed by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. These two methods were fully validated, including linearity (0.25–100 μg/mL in urine; 0.05–5 ng/mg in h |
| Short Communication: Low Concentrations of Methamphetamine Detectable in Urine in the Presence of High Concentrations of Amphetamine |
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Twenty-two urine specimens reported by military drug-testing laboratories for the presence of high concentrations of amphetamine only were subject to further analysis for the presence of methamphetamine. The 22 urine specimens had concentrations of amphet |
| Multiple Drug Ingestion by Ecstasy Abusers in the United States |
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The goal of this study was to determine the prevalence and patterns of licit and illicit drugs in urine specimens of ecstasy users. A survey of laboratory data over the years 2005–2007 revealed that 198 urine specimens were confirmed positive (cutoff conc |
| Letter to the Editor: Blood Ethanol Concentrations are Less Stable than Serum or Plasma Upon Storage Because of Oxyhemoglobin-Mediated Oxidation of Ethanol to A |
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To the Editor:
The authors of “Comparison Among Plasma, Serum and Whole Blood Ethanol Concentrations: Impact of Storage Conditions and Collection Tubes” are to be commended for their comprehensive and interesting study (1). |
| Elimination of Ephedrines in Urine Following Administration of a Sho-seiryu-to Preparation |
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Sho-seiryu-to is one of the most common Traditional Chinese Medicine preparations for the attenuation of colds. Ephedrae Herba is one of the prescriptions of Sho-seiryu-to. The major ingredients of Ephedrae Herba, ephedrines, are banned substances on the |
| Short Communication: Relationship Between Serum Glycolate and Falsely Elevated Lactate in Severe Ethylene Glycol Poisoning |
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In the setting of ethylene glycol (EG) poisoning, a falsely elevated serum lactate concentration is suggested to be an assay cross-reaction with glycolate, but a concentration-dependent relationship has never been identified. We correlate serum lactate an |
| Comparison of Drugs of Abuse Detection in Meconium by EMIT® II and ELISA |
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The results of meconium specimens and fortified samples screened for drugs of abuse by both enzyme multiplied immunoassay technique (EMIT® II) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods were compared. |
| Potential Effect of Alcohol Content in Energy Drinks on Breath Alcohol Testing |
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Since the advent of energy drinks in the U.S. marketplace, some defendants have claimed that positive breath alcohol test results have occurred due to the ingestion of non-alcoholic energy drinks. A variety of energy drinks were tested by gas chromatograp |
| Quantification of L-Abrine in Human and Rat Urine: A Biomarker for the Toxin Abrin |
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Abrin is a toxic protein found in the jequirity seed. L-Abrine (N-methyl-tryptophan) is also found in the jequirity seed and can be used as a biomarker for abrin exposure. |
| Five Deaths Resulting from Abuse of Dextromethorphan Sold Over the Internet |
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Dextromethorphan is a widely available over-the-counter antitussive that produces intoxicating, hallucinogenic, and dissociative effects at doses significantly exceeding the therapeutic range. We report the deaths of five teenage males in three incidents |
| Case Report: Smoking Cessation with Varenicline: A Suicidal Fatality |
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The most effective smoking cessation programs involve a combination of pharmacotherapy and behavioral and/or cognitive counseling to improve abstinence rates. Varenicline (Champix in France and the U.K.), the most recently approved agent for tobacco cessa |
| High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Chlorhexidine in Whole Blood by Solid-Phase Extraction and Kinetics Following an Intravenous Infusion |
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This paper presents the extraction and analysis of chlorhexidine (CHX) from whole blood using solid-phase extraction (SPE) together with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Blood samples, spiked with chlorpromazine used as an internal standard, |
| Rapid Identification and Determination of the Rodenticide Valone in Serum by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry |
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Valone is a chronic anticoagulant rodenticide that has come into wide use in China. Current literature lacks analytical methods for the determination of valone. In this paper, a sensitive and selective assay was established for the identification and quan |
| Concentration of Oxymorphone in Postmortem Fluids and Tissue |
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Oxymorphone, a semi-synthetic opioid analgesic, has been available as Numorphan® since the 1950s in the form of injectable solutions and a suppository. Recently, in 2006, oxymorphone was approved by the Federal Drug Administration for use in the form of i |
| Enantioselective Analysis of Citalopram and Escitalopram in Postmortem Blood Together with Genotyping for CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 |
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Citalopram is marketed as a racemate (50:50) mixture of the S(+)-enantiomer and R(–)-enantiomer and the active S(+)-enantiomer (escitalopram) that possess inhibitory effects. The main objective of this study was to investigate S(+)-citalopram [i.e., the r |
| Application of Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry Multielement Analysis in Fingernail and Toenail as a Biomarker of Metal Exposure |
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The application of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) to multielement analysis in fingernail and toenail as biological indices for metal exposure is presented. |
| Assessment of Response of the Intoxilyzer® 8000C to Volatiles of Forensic Relevance In Vitro, Part I: Acetone, Isopropanol, and Methanol |
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The response of the Intoxilyzer 8000C (version approved for evidentiary breath alcohol testing in Canada) to volatile solvents in vitro is described. |
| Postmortem Tissue Concentrations of Olanzapine |
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Twenty-eight cases from 2004–2007 involving olanzapine were analyzed at the San Diego County Medical Examiner’s Office. Olanzapine was initially detected by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC–MS), and then confirmed by GC with a nitroge |
| Screening, Quantification, and Confirmation of Phenylbutazone and Oxyphenbutazone in Equine Plasma by Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry |
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A sensitive liquid chromatographic–tandem mass spectrometric method was developed and validated for screening, quantification, and confirmation of phenylbutazone and oxyphenbutazone in equine plasma. |
| Normalization of Urinary Drug Concentrations with Specific Gravity and Creatinine |
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Excessive fluid intake can substantially dilute urinary drug concentrations and result in false-negative reports for drug users. |
| Case Report: Fatal Fluoxetine Intoxication with Markedly Elevated Central Blood, Vitreous, and Liver Concentrations |
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Since being introduced into clinical practice 20 years ago, fluoxetine, a serotonin-reuptake inhibitor, has remained one of the most popular antidepressants prescribed in the United States. Upon reviewing the literature, the highest reported postmortem ce |
| Quantitative Determination of Caffeine and Alcohol in Energy Drinks and the Potential to Produce Positive Transdermal Alcohol Concentrations in Human Subjects |
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The purpose of this study was to determine whether non-alcoholic energy drinks could result in positive “alcohol alerts” based on transdermal alcohol concentration (TAC) using a commercially available electrochemical monitoring device. Eleven energy drink |
| Stabilization of Urinary THC Solutions With a Simple Non-Ionic Surfactant |
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To stabilize urinary solutions against adsorptive loss of metabolites of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), a non-ionic surfactant, Tergitol™, was investigated to reduce the need for special handling and storage of such solutions. Addition of surfactant up to |
| Quantification of Saxitoxin and Neosaxitoxin in Human Urine Utilizing Isotope Dilution Tandem Mass Spectrometry |
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Saxitoxin and neosaxitoxin are potent neurotoxins that can cause paralytic shellfish poisoning when consumed. |
| Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry Designation and Prediction of Metabolic Dealkylation and Hydroxylation Reactions in Xenobiotics Exemplified by Tramadol |
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Metabolic dealkylation and hydroxylation reactions in xenobiotics are common and may take place at different sites in the molecules. Sometimes confusion may arise as to the nature and site of the resulting metabolic change when there is more than one pote |
| Confirmation of Gelsemium Poisoning by Targeted Analysis of Toxic Gelsemium Alkaloids in Urine |
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The gelsemium plants are highly poisonous but toxicological evaluation of suspected poisoning cases has been hampered by the chemical complexity of the gelsemium toxins involved. A novel liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry protocol was optimize |
| Comparison of Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry and Radioimmunoassay for Measurement of Fentanyl and Determination of Pharmacokinetics in Equine Plasma |
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This study evaluated the validity of measuring fentanyl concentrations in equine plasma using radioimmunoassay (RIA) by comparing it to the established technique of liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS). Equine plasma samples were analyzed using |
| Accidental Intoxication with Veratrum album |
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A 49-year-old man consumed two glasses (approximately 2 × 20 mL) of a beverage containing yellow gentian (Gentiana lutea). Shortly after ingestion, he developed nausea, vomiting, and oral paraesthesia. On admission to the hospital he suffered from severe |
| Development and Validation of a Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Atmospheric-Pressure Chemical Ionization Ion Trap Mass Spectrometric Method for the Simultane |
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A sensitive method has been developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of triptolide, tripdiolide, and tripterine in human serum using hydrocortisone as an internal standard (IS). |
| Short Communication: Cardiac and Peripheral Blood Similarities in the Comparison of Nordiazepam and Bromazepam Blood Concentrations |
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Concomitant heart and peripheral blood determinations were performed on 40 fatal cases involving nordiazepam (20 cases) and bromazepam (20 cases). The heart blood concentration for the two drugs (588 ng/mL for nordiazepam and 802 ng/mL for bromazepam) doe |
| Letter to the Editor: Cross-Reactivity of Nefopam and Its Metabolites with Benzodiazepine EMIT Immunoassay |
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To the Editor: |
| Zinc as a Marker in Viscera of Suspected Metal Phosphide Poisoning: A Study by Neutron Activation Analysis |
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Zinc as a marker element in the viscera of suspected metal phosphide poisoning has been studied during the present work. Neutron activation analysis (NAA) has been employed to detect and quantify the concentration of zinc in the viscera/stomach portion. |
| Determination of Dialkyl Phosphate Metabolites of Organophosphorus Pesticides in Human Urine by Automated Solid-Phase Extraction, Derivatization, and Gas Chroma |
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Organophosphorus (OP) pesticides are highly toxic but used commonly worldwide, nevertheless. Their urinary dialkylphosphate (DAP) metabolites are widely used for exposure assessment of OP pesticides in humans. |
| Short Communication: Quantification of Organophosphorus Nerve Agent Metabolites Using a Reduced-Volume, High-Throughput Sample Processing Format and Liquid Chro |
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A reduced-volume, high-throughput analytical method has been developed for the quantification of organophosphorus (OP) nerve agent metabolites in human urine. Metabolites of soman, sarin, cyclohexyl-sarin, VX, and Russian-VX were quantified down to a lowe |