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Published:
Journal of Analytical Toxicology,
ISSN 0146-4760,
Volume 30, Issue 3, April 2006,
pp. 187-195
Determination of Three Carcinogenic
Aromatic Amines in Urine of Smokers and Nonsmokers
Kirsten Riedel[1], Gerhard Scherer[1], Johannes Engl[1],
Heinz-Werner Hagedorn[1], and Anthony R. Tricker[2]
[1]Analytisch-Biologisches Forschungslabor GmbH, Goethestrasse 20, 80336 München,
Germany and
[2]Philip Morris Products S.A., PMI Research and Development, Quai Jeanrenaud
56, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
Aromatic amines (arylamines) such as o-toluidine, 2-aminonaphthalene,
and 4-aminobiphenyl occur in the environment and are constituents of tobacco
smoke. Human exposure to these aromatic amines has long been associated with
an elevated risk of bladder cancer. A validated, specific, and sensitive method
for measuring o-toluidine, 2-aminonaphthalene, and 4-aminobiphenyl in cigarette
smokers and nonsmokers was developed. The method uses acid hydrolysis of the
arylamine conjugates in urine, extraction with n-hexane, derivatization with
pentafluoropropionic anhydride, and subsequent analysis with gas chromatography
combined with mass spectrometry using negative ion chemical ionization. The
limits of detection were 4 ng/L for o-toluidine and 1 ng/L for 2-aminonaphthalene
and 4-aminobiphenyl. Smokers (N = 10) excreted significantly higher amounts
of o-toluidine (204 versus 104 ng/24 h), 2-aminonaphthalene (20.8 versus 10.7
ng/24 h), and 4-aminobiphenyl (15.3 versus 9.6 ng/24 h) than nonsmokers (N =
10). Urinary arylamine excretion in smokers was associated with the extent of
smoking as assessed by daily cigarette consumption, urinary excretion of nicotine
equivalents (nicotine plus its five major metabolites), cotinine in saliva,
and carbon monoxide in exhaled breath. All nonsmokers investigated had quantifiable
amounts of o-toluidine, 2-aminonaphthalene, and 4-aminobiphenyl in their urine,
confirming that other environmental sources of exposure to these compounds also
occur. In conclusion, the analytical method is suitable for measuring short-term
exposure to arylamines in urine of non-occupationally exposed smokers and nonsmokers.
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