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Published:
Journal of Analytical Toxicology,
ISSN 0146-4760,
Volume 26, Number 6, September 2002,
pp. 355-359
TECHNICAL NOTE: 1NMR Urine Analysis as an Effective Tool
to Detect Creatine Supplementation
Bernard Cartigny[1], Nathalie Azaroual[2], Laurence Mille-Hamard[3],
Michel Imbenotte[4], Pascal Kintz[5], Gaston Vermeersch[2], and Michel Lhermitte[1],[4]
[1]Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, Hôpital Calmette,
59045 Lille, France; [2]Laboratoire de Physique, UPRESA CNRS 8009, Laboratoire
d’Application RMN de l’Université de Lille 2, BP 83, 59006
Lille, France; [3]Laboratoire d’Etudes de la Motricité Humaine,
Université de Lille 2, 59000 Lille, France; [4]Laboratoire de Toxicologie,
Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, BP 83, 59006 Lille,
France; and [5]Institut de Médecine Légale, 11 rue Humann, 67000
Strasbourg, France
Creatine is one of the main
compounds in muscular energetic metabolism leading to phosphocreatine to maintain
high ATP levels. Creatine is found in blood and excreted in small amounts in
urine. Creatine supplementation and athletic performances are supposed to be
correlated, particularly in intensive and intermittent efforts. After oral creatine
supplementation, a 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy method was
developed for its direct analysis, without any pretreament of urine samples.
This method can be used to detect any supplementation of creatine, a substance
prohibited in France. The detection limit is 10 µmol/L (1.31 mg/L) and
analysis is performed in 10 min. After a single oral supplementation of 2.1
g to three subjects, a kinetic investigation reveals a maximum concentration
of 20 mmol/L (2.62 g/L), observed between 1 and 6 h after ingestion. This procedure
was used to test 13 urine specimens obtained from bodybuilders. From the concentrations
measured (range: 0.41 to 10.30 mmol/L, 54 to 1350 mg/L), the doping practices
of at least nine athletes could be observed. Creatine is not often analyzed
in hospital laboratories. This paper documents how easily creatine can be determined
and quantitated by 1H NMR spectroscopy. Reproduction
of editorial content of this journal is prohibited without publisher’s
permission.
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